• Nober (1983):

  • Alarm intensity to awaken hearing able college-age subjects

• 50 - 90 dBA and 3000-5000 Hz

  • Subjects respond best to alarms at 55 dBA

  • Noise interference (a/c 63dBA) delayed awakening from …

… 55 dBA alarm by 29 secs

… 75 dBA alarm by 9 secs