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Early 1980s – network captioning commitments wavering due to slow growth of decoder purchases
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1982 – Real time captioning invented
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1988 – Toward Equality – Commission on Education of the Deaf recommendations (<200,000 decoders sold)
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Limited programming choices: Few cable or daytime programs captioned
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Decoders expensive, stigmatizing, complicated
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1990 – Television Decoder Circuitry Act – requires captioning decoder chip in all TVs with screens greater than 13 inches after 1993